Ovarian and uterine cancer are two of the most common types of gynecologic cancers, and they often don’t receive the attention they deserve. These cancers affect thousands of women each year, which is why we believe it’s important to raise awareness this month about the symptoms, risks, and importance of early detection.
Whether you’re learning for yourself or someone you love, here’s what you need to know.
Let’s Start with the Basics: What Are Ovarian and Uterine Cancers?
Both cancers begin in the reproductive organs, but differ in how they develop and present.
Ovarian cancer starts in the ovaries or nearby tissues like the fallopian tubes or peritoneum. It’s often called a “silent” cancer because early symptoms can be vague or mistaken for other conditions.
Uterine cancer, also known as endometrial cancer, begins in the lining of the uterus. It’s the most common gynecologic cancer in the U.S.
Know the Warning Signs
Paying attention to your body is key, especially when symptoms are persistent or unusual.
Common symptoms of ovarian cancer can include:
- Vaginal bleeding or discharge that is unusual for you
- Bloating or abdominal swelling
- Pelvic or abdominal pain
- Feeling full quickly when eating
- Changes in urinary frequency and/or bowel habits
- Back pain and fatigue
Uterine cancer symptoms may include:
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding (especially after menopause)
- Vaginal discharge that is unusual for you
- Pelvic pain or pressure
- Pain during intercourse
These symptoms don’t always mean cancer, but they should never be ignored.
There is no routine screening test for ovarian cancer, which makes symptom awareness more crucial. Diagnosis may involve pelvic exams, imaging (ultrasound or CT), blood tests like CA-125, or biopsy.
Uterine cancer is often detected early due to abnormal bleeding. Diagnosis may involve an endometrial biopsy, transvaginal ultrasound, or dilation and curettage (D&C).
Who is at Risk?
While any woman can be affected, certain factors may increase the risk for these cancers:
- Age: most cases occur in women over 50
- Family history: especially of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer
- Inherited genetic mutations: such as BRCA1/BRCA2 or Lynch syndrome
- Hormone-related factors: early menstruation, late menopause, or hormone replacement therapy
- Obesity and related health conditions: particularly in uterine cancer
Treatment and Support: You’re Not Alone
Both cancers are treatable, especially if caught early. Treatment often involves a combination of:
- Surgery
- Hysterectomy: removal of the uterus. It may also include removal of the cervix, ovaries, or fallopian tubes. After a hysterectomy, a woman can no longer get pregnant.
- Oophorectomy: removal of one or both ovaries. Often used to both treat and prevent ovarian cancer. Removing both ovaries causes immediate menopause.
- Radiation therapy
- Chemotherapy
- Hormone or targeted therapy, depending on the cancer type and stage (typically for more advanced cases)
Care plans are always tailored to each woman’s needs, talk to your primary care or OBGYN about what treatment options could best serve you.
Be Your Own Advocate
Understanding your body, knowing your risks, and speaking up about symptoms are powerful tools in protecting your health. If something feels off, don’t wait. Talk to your doctor; we are here to help.
Whether you are facing a diagnosis, supporting a loved one, or simply educating yourself, awareness matters.